Black America (Registro nro. 118278)
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| fixed length control field | 03233cam a22003373u 4500 |
| 001 - CONTROL NUMBER | |
| control field | 77558 |
| 003 - CONTROL NUMBER IDENTIFIER | |
| control field | UtSlPG |
| 005 - DATE AND TIME OF LATEST TRANSACTION | |
| control field | 20260610134809.0 |
| 006 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--ADDITIONAL MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS | |
| fixed length control field | m |
| 007 - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION FIXED FIELD--GENERAL INFORMATION | |
| fixed length control field | cr n |
| 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--GENERAL INFORMATION | |
| fixed length control field | 260607r20251891utu|||||o|||||||||||||| d |
| 010 ## - LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONTROL NUMBER | |
| LC control number | 02008844 |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE | |
| Original cataloging agency | UtSlPG |
| 041 #7 - LANGUAGE CODE | |
| Language code of text/sound track or separate title | en |
| Source of code | iso639-1 |
| 050 #4 - LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CALL NUMBER | |
| Classification number | E151 |
| 100 1# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME | |
| Personal name | Clowes, W. Laird, Sir |
| Fuller form of name | (William Laird), |
| Dates associated with a name | 1856-1905 |
| 245 10 - TITLE STATEMENT | |
| Title | Black America |
| 264 #1 - PRODUCTION, PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURE, AND COPYRIGHT NOTICE | |
| Place of production, publication, distribution, manufacture | Salt Lake City, UT : |
| Name of producer, publisher, distributor, manufacturer | Project Gutenberg, |
| Date of production, publication, distribution, manufacture, or copyright notice | 2025 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION | |
| Extent | 1 online resource : |
| Other physical details | multiple file formats |
| 336 ## - CONTENT TYPE | |
| Content type term | text |
| Content type code | txt |
| Source | rdacontent |
| 337 ## - MEDIA TYPE | |
| Media type term | computer |
| Media type code | c |
| Source | rdamedia |
| 338 ## - CARRIER TYPE | |
| Carrier type term | online resource |
| Carrier type code | cr |
| Source | rdacarrier |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE | |
| General note | Release date is 2025-12-27 |
| 508 ## - CREATION/PRODUCTION CREDITS NOTE | |
| Creation/production credits note | Richard Tonsing, Tim Lindell, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.) |
| 520 ## - SUMMARY, ETC. | |
| Summary, etc. | "Black America" by Sir W. Laird Clowes is a sociopolitical study written in the late 19th century. It examines the post-Emancipation South, contrasting the legal grant of citizenship to formerly enslaved people with entrenched white resistance that blocks their political power, while mapping the demographics, economics, and politics of the “Black Belt.” Drawing on first-hand reporting, it offers a stark assessment of Reconstruction, its abuses and collapse, and canvasses controversial remedies, including colonization, for the ongoing racial crisis.<br/><br/>The opening of the work explains the author’s commission to survey the Southern “Negro Problem,” his claim to impartial inquiry, and his central finding: constitutional equality exists on paper, but in practice white supremacy nullifies Black political power, especially in lowland regions where Black populations outnumber whites. He marshals census data to chart rapid Black growth, the geography of the Black Belt, and the gap between generous suffrage laws and the reality of exclusion, intimidation, and electoral control; he notes economic and climatic forces that concentrate races apart, minimal Black migration, and projections of rising Black majorities. He then recounts Reconstruction from Washington’s policies to on-the-ground outcomes, describing military rule, Black enfranchisement and white disfranchisement, and, state by state (notably Alabama, the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana), the corruption, debt, armed militias, and election fraud associated with carpetbag regimes until Democratic “redemption” restored fiscal order—often by force. At the start of the third chapter, he restates the legal rights of Black citizens, recalls the Civil Rights Act’s judicial defeat, and outlines the Southern white rationale for denying equality—bolstered by pseudo-scientific claims—while citing even some Northern voices that tacitly accept the region’s de facto rule by the white minority. (This is an automatically generated summary.) |
| 534 ## - ORIGINAL VERSION NOTE | |
| Introductory phrase | Originally published: |
| Publication, distribution, etc. of original | London: Cassell and Co., 1891 |
| 653 ## - INDEX TERM--UNCONTROLLED | |
| Uncontrolled term | African Americans |
| 653 ## - INDEX TERM--UNCONTROLLED | |
| Uncontrolled term | United States -- Race relations |
| 856 4# - ELECTRONIC LOCATION AND ACCESS | |
| Uniform Resource Identifier | <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044005035126">https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044005035126</a> |
| 856 40 - ELECTRONIC LOCATION AND ACCESS | |
| Uniform Resource Identifier | <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77558">https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77558</a> |
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