02769cam a22003253u 4500 76754 UtSlPG 20260610134757.0 m cr n 260607r20251912utu|||||o|||||||||||||| d UtSlPG nl iso639-1 QL Bölsche, Wilhelm, 1861-1939 Das Pferd und seine Geschichte. Dutch Het paard Salt Lake City, UT : Project Gutenberg, 2025 1 online resource : multiple file formats text txt rdacontent computer c rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier Release date is 2025-08-28 Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg "Het paard : in zijne natuurlijke ontwikkeling" by Wilhelm Bölsche is a popular scientific treatise written in the early 20th century. It explores the natural history and evolution of the horse, tracing its lineage from small, multi‑toed ancestors to the modern, single‑toed runner, and examines its close symbiosis with humans as a domesticated animal. Expect a blend of anatomy, paleontology, and behavioral insight that connects fossil evidence, comparative anatomy, and cultural history to explain what makes the horse unique. The opening of this work sets out its purpose: to tell the full evolutionary story of the horse, beginning with tiny Eocene ancestors and linking them to living forms and domestic breeds. It recaps the rise of mammals from reptile‑like forebears through monotremes and marsupials to early placental groups, highlighting a pivotal Eocene fauna (the “Cernays” forms) from which hoofed animals emerge. The text defines domestication as a lasting symbiosis rather than mere captivity, illustrating the idea with classic plant–fungus and ant–aphid partnerships before applying it to horses, dogs, and livestock. A clear, step‑by‑step anatomical comparison explains how the horse stands on a single middle toe, with splint bones as vestiges of lost digits, and how this design achieves speed, endurance, and load‑bearing. It then sketches the horse’s instincts and signal‑sensitivity (including the “Clever Hans” case) and turns to the fossil record, from Cuvier’s early finds to the rich American deposits, noting that true horses once ranged widely in the Americas before disappearing there prior to European contact. (This is an automatically generated summary.) Originally published: Amsterdam: Gebr. Graauw, 1912 Horses Goudsmit, B. C. (Boudewijn Casper), 1849-1915 https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/76754 117479 117479