000 03523cam a22003373u 4500
001 76383
003 UtSlPG
005 20260610134752.0
006 m
007 cr n
008 260607r20251921utu|||||o|||||||||||||| d
010 _a21021363
040 _aUtSlPG
041 7 _aen
_2iso639-1
050 4 _aE011
100 1 _aGathorne-Hardy, G. M.
_q(Geoffrey Malcolm),
_d1878-1972
245 1 4 _aThe Norse discoverers of America
264 1 _aSalt Lake City, UT :
_bProject Gutenberg,
_c2025
300 _a1 online resource :
_bmultiple file formats
336 _atext
_btxt
_2rdacontent
337 _acomputer
_bc
_2rdamedia
338 _aonline resource
_bcr
_2rdacarrier
500 _aSources are primarily Eiríks saga rauða (also known as Þorfinns saga Karlsefnis ok Snorra Þorbrandssonar) and Grænlendinga saga.
500 _aRelease date is 2025-06-26
508 _aCharlene Taylor, Robert Tonsing, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
520 _a"The Norse discoverers of America : the Wineland sagas translated & discussed" by G. M. Gathorne-Hardy is a scholarly historical study and translation written in the early 20th century. It presents the Vinland sagas in English with commentary, weighing their credibility and geography to argue where Norse explorers likely landed in North America. The focus is on Eric the Red’s family, Leif Erikson, and Thorfinn Karlsefni, using chronologies, genealogies, and notes to orient general readers while engaging scholarly debates. The opening of the work explains its wartime delay, surveys recent scholarship, and sets a clear purpose: to offer literal, modern-language translations of the sagas and a reasoned discussion of their historical value, avoiding romanticized “saga” diction. It outlines the sources (primarily the Saga of Eric the Red, Hauk’s Book, and the Flatey Book), the decision to weave them into a single coherent narrative, and provides a chronological and genealogical framework. The translated story then begins: Eric the Red, outlawed in Iceland, explores and settles Greenland; Bjarni Herjulfson, seeking his father, is blown off course and sights unknown wooded lands; Gudrid’s lineage and her famed encounter with a sibyl are introduced; Leif voyages to Norway, accepts King Olaf Tryggvason’s mission to spread Christianity, then deliberately sails west, naming Helluland, Markland, and Wineland, and rescues shipwrecked sailors on his return. Thorvald explores further, names Keelness, and dies from a skirmish, while Thorstein’s attempt fails, ending with his death and a prophecy over Gudrid’s future. Karlsefni arrives, marries Gudrid, and leads a larger expedition that passes Helluland and Markland to Straumsfjord and Hóp, finds wild wheat and grapes, trades red cloth with Skraelings, then clashes with them—highlighted by Freydis’s fierce defiance—before deciding the land’s promise is outweighed by constant danger. The excerpt closes as they withdraw north toward Straumsfjord, with hints of differing outcomes for the split parties. (This is an automatically generated summary.)
534 _pOriginally published:
_cOxford: The Clarendon Press, 1921
653 _aAmerica -- Discovery and exploration -- Norse
856 4 _uhttps://archive.org/details/norsediscoverers00gathrich/page/n7/mode/2up
856 4 0 _uhttps://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/76383
999 _c117108
_d117108